Isu ground temperature - Oct 30, 2023 · You can monitor the 3-day history average soil temperatures in every Iowa county and forecasted 4-inch soil temperatures here on the ISU Environmental Mesonet website. Historically, the soil temperatures at the 4-inch depth cool below 50° F in the northern third of the state the first week of November.

 
2-inch Soil Temperatures (Soil temperature data will be updated by 9:00 AM on weekdays and 11:00 AM on weekends.) 2-inch Soil Temperatures for May 1, 2024. Station. County. Bare Soil. Corn. Residue.. Nederlander chicago seating chart

While in Iowa garlic normally begins to emerge from the ground in mid-March to early April, mild winter weather can encourage premature growth. While the premature emergence of garlic foliage is undesirable, the danger is not as great as it may seem. The foliage of garlic can tolerate cold temperatures (down into the 20s °F).ISU Soil Moisture Network. ... The map is displaying Air Temperature [F] valid at 2024/05/02 18:10. Air Temperature Inversion Station Locations: Northwest (Sutherland): 1.5ft: M °F 5ft: M °F 10ft: M °F Central (Ames): 1.5ft: M °F 5ft: M °F 10ft: M °F Southeast (Crawfordsville):IEM :: Ag Climate. Plot Description: High and low 4 inch soil depth temperature. Usually under a bare soil. QC Flags: M. the data is missing. E. An instrument may be flagged until repaired. R.4 inch Soil Temperature Probabilities. This application computes soil temperature exceedance based on the observation record of a ISU Ag Climate site. The average daily 4 inch soil temperature is used in this calculation. Spring: The values represent the percentage of years that a temperature below the given threshold was observed after a given ...4 inch Soil Temperature Probabilities. This application computes soil temperature exceedance based on the observation record of a ISU Ag Climate site. The average daily 4 inch soil temperature is used in this calculation. Spring: The values represent the percentage of years that a temperature below the given threshold was …Know the 4-inch soil temperature before putting seed in the ground. Soil temperature is one of the most important factors crop farmers use to guide their planting decisions. The rule of thumb is to wait until the upper 4 inches reach at least 50° degrees Fahrenheit, with a warming trend in the forecast.IEM :: ISU Soil Moisture County Temperature Estimates. ISU Soil Moisture Network. County 4 inch Soil Temperature Maps. This page presents daily soil temperature analysis maps. The left hand column plots combine ISU Soil Moisture Network observations and bias corrected NWS NAM forecast model analyses to produce a higher resolution plot.Warmer Winter Ground Temperatures Trigger Rapid Growth of Dahurian Larch in the Permafrost Forests of Northeast China Xianliang Zhang1,2, Xueping Bai 1, Meiting Hou3, Zhenju Chen , and Rubén D. Manzanedo4,5 1College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China, 2College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, …2" and 4" soil temperature (24-hr and 7-day) Current soil temperature (24-hr period) Soil temperature climatology tool (warms-above and cools-below dates) Freeze date tool. …When you build a PC, your processor usually comes with a small cooler—but people often recommend upgrading to a large aftermarket cooler for cooler, quieter operation. But how much...Soil Drainage Class. The frequency and duration of wet periods under conditions similar to those under which the soil formed. View and download print-ready Iowa state soil property maps by depth derived from the National Cooperative Soil Survey's gSSURGO database.The general recommendation is to avoid glyphosate applications when evening temperatures fall below 40°F. 2,4-D is somewhat more consistent than glyphosate during cool periods (assuming sensitive weeds), and thus addition of 2,4-D LV ester can enhance burndown performance in certain situations. Burndown herbicides that interfere …The estimates are for soil temperatures on level, bare soil. Maximum/minimum soil temperatures from ISU research farms are available from the same sources, and are useful for watching the impact of warm air on soil temperatures. If you are curious about older 4-inch soil temperatures (longer than 3 days ago), check this “IEM Time Machine” site.As a result, the ground temperature shows seasonal fluctuations to depths of about 15 m where the temperature is approximately equal to the mean annual air temperature(8 - 11° C in the UK). Below this the ground temperature increases at, on average, 2.6 °C per 100 m due to heat flowing from the interior of the Earth.For germination in small grains, the recommended 3-day average soil temperature is 34-36 °F for spring wheat and 40 °F for oats. For corn, germination occurs at 50 °F but planting often occurs earlier when soil temperatures are lower. A corn field planted when the 3-day average soil temperatures are greater than 50 °F will typically emerge ...Young plants, however, are sensitive to direct sunlight and need to be placed in partial shade during development. Temperature affects the rate of seed metabolism and most have a temperature range within which they germinate. The optimal temperature is between 70 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit or 21 to 26 degrees Celsius.4” Soil Temperature – Fifty degrees is often quoted as the temperature that is needed to begin germination and growth of corn. The Recent Soil 4 Inch Soil Temperature website, a part of the ISU Soil Moisture Network, shows maps that are based on National Weather Service North American Mesoscale (NAM) forecast model analyses and short term ...The high temperature for Des Moines reached 80 degrees for the last day of April and made for the fourth day of the month with such a warm high temperature. The featured chart presents the number of such days each April for the airport. The average total is just two days, but there have been other recent years with higher totals than this year.Watch this video to find out how to measure the temperature of the soil in your yard. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All Guides Latest View All Radio Show ...Having updated information about your local soil temperature and the pests common to your area can help you prevent and treat for optimal turfgrass quality. Location Search: Location Search: Average Soil Temperature in Greensboro, NC (27409): View Soil Moisture Maps › Average Soil Temperature in Greensboro, NC (27409): ...IEM :: Ag Climate. Plot Description: High and low 4 inch soil depth temperature. Usually under a bare soil. QC Flags: M. the data is missing. E. An instrument may be flagged until repaired. R.Welcome! This tool offers predictions of corn drydown in the field using algorithms developed for the northern Corn Belt. The tool can help you plan logistics and assess risk by estimating the changes in grain moisture content that are likely to occur under a set of field conditions. To use it, follow these simple steps: This tool is licensed ...Sizzling temperatures across the globe aren't just bad for humans, they're bad for crops too. Harvests are smaller and that drives up food prices. Advertisement Vicious heat waves ...A ground source heat pump extracts heat located underneath the ground. Once extracted it then amplifies that heat, increasing it’s temperature from 42 °F – 57 °F to 68 °F – 78°F. …PTC Positive temperature coefficient RFG Ramp function generator. RO Relay output; interface for a digital output signal. Implemented with a relay. SSI Synchronous serial interface STO Safe torque off TTL Transistor-transistor logic UPS Uninterruptible power supply; power supply equipment with battery to maintain output voltage during power failureThe ASOS/AWOS stations are located at Airports in support of aviation and weather prediction. The SCAN site provides detailed information about soil conditions and has no direct application for use in aviation. The RWIS sites are located near major highways and provide pavement temperatures for frost forecasting and chemical application guidance.Patience is a scarce commodity at planting time. "You should plant corn after soil temperatures have risen above 50 degrees F and weather forecasts ensure that warm weather continues," advises Mark Licht, another ISU Extension field agronomist. "Remember to stay patient when it comes to planting so you can avoid the planting …Sunny days spent splashing around and having fun. That’s a huge part of the allure of a swimming pool. However, not all backyards are made for in-ground pools, which require costly...2.Petrifaction - Fossils are commonly preserved by mineral-bearing ground waters infiltrating porous bone, shell or plant material and converting the material to stone. Calcite, silica and compounds of iron are normally the minerals deposited. ... It represents a cool-temperature climate. Acer (maple), Alnus ...—Plant when soil temperature reaches 60°F or any time thereafter. Last practical date for planting an early variety is July 1. Lima beans —Plant from May 20 to June 30 to produce a crop by average frost date. Tomatoes —Plant seedlings in mid-May. Last practical date . for planting tomatoes is June 20. Peppers and eggplantsReduce heat for soybeans and limit air drying temperature to 130°-140° F. for commercial beans and 100°-110°F. for seed beans. Retention time in the heat section of dryers should be less than 30 minutes. To avoid differences in moisture levels from top to bottom in batch-in-bin dryers, use shallow batch depths of 2 to 3 feet.—Plant when soil temperature reaches 60°F or any time thereafter. Last practical date for planting an early variety is July 1. Lima beans —Plant from May 20 to June 30 to produce a crop by average frost date. Tomatoes —Plant seedlings in mid-May. Last practical date . for planting tomatoes is June 20. Peppers and eggplantsYesterday's 4-inch soil temperatures across Iowa (courtesy D. Todey) Introduction: Data coursesy of Iowa State University Departments of Agronomy and Geological and Atmospheric Sciences. The Iowa Department of Transportation has established an automated weather observation syatem network across Iowa.ISU Beef Extension Veterinarian. August 2010. As temperatures heat up during the summer cattle producers need to assess the heat stress that their cattle are under. Typically pastured cattle are not as susceptible to heat stress as feedlot cattle. Pastured cattle have the ability to seek shade, water and air movement to cool themselves.We examine air and ground temperature tracking at decadal and centennial time-scales within PMIP3 last-millennium simulations concatenated to historical simulations from the CMIP5 archive. We find a strong coupling between air and ground temperatures during the summer from 850 to 2005 CE. During the winter, the insulating …Weather Underground provides local & long-range weather forecasts, weather reports, maps & tropical weather conditions for locations worldwideDistylum is a genus of evergreen shrubs in the Hamamelidaceae (witch hazel) family native to Asia. Hybrids in this genus are compact, coming in many sizes, and are very insect and disease resistant as well as tolerant of drought and heat. Some cultivars even grow well …Nov 6, 2014 · The featured chart presents yearly timeseries of four inch depth soil temperatures from the ISU AgClimate (now ISU Soil Moisture) station at the AEA Ames AgFarm. The black line represents the simple average of all the yearly lines. As with air temperatures, soil temperatures have been on the warm side of average recently. When there is a sunny day, the ground temperature can be much warmer than the air temperature (10-40 degrees Fahrenheit). When ground is radiates heat into space during cold winter nights, the temperature on the ground can be 8 degrees cooler than the temperature on the air. Depending on the region, various seeds must be …Instead of buying a piece of land, an alternative means to occupy it is to use a ground lease. A ground lease is an arrangement in which a tenant rents a piece of land over a long ...Watch this video to find out how to measure the temperature of the soil in your yard. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All Guides Latest View All Radio Show ...Once germinated, nearly all seedlings will grow best with daytime temperatures between 65 and 70°F and nighttime temperatures a few degrees cooler. Light Requirements. for Germination. Light conditions during germination are critical for many annual flowers and vegetables. The seeds of some plant species require light for germination, and ...The 2-inch Soil Temperature map displays the current soil temperature (degrees F) at 2 inches (5 cm) under the existing vegetative cover at each Mesonet site. This map is updated every 15 minutes. Theme.Apr 26, 2024 · Days to accumulate three inches Posted: 26 Apr 2024 05:30 AM, Views: 2669 The weekly update to the US Drought Monitor was released yesterday and while improvements were made thanks to recent rains, there are still two regions of D3 "Extreme Drought" remaining in the state. At soil depths greater than 30 feet below the surface, the soil temperature is relatively constant , and corresponds roughly to the water temperature measured in groundwater wells 30 to 50 feet deep . What is the temperature of the ground about 10 feet deep? So, it is a cold winter day, the outside air temperature is 30 °F , but the ... Figure 1: Observed and projected changes (compared to the 1901–1960 average) in near-surface air temperature for Iowa.Observed data are for 1900–2020. Projected changes for 2006–2100 are from global climate models for two possible futures: one in which greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase (higher emissions) and another in which …Pork chops should be baked until they reach an internal temperature of 145 degrees Fahrenheit. Ground pork patties, by contrast, should be cooked until an internal temperature of 1...Amplitude of seasonal soil temperature change as a function of depth below ground surface. Vertical closed-loop earth heat exchangers are installed in boreholes 200 to 300 feet deep, where seasonal changes in soil temperature are completely damped out. Well-based open-loop systems also extend to this depth or deeper.Jun 11, 2018 at 11:35. It's both diurnal and seasonal. On spring and fall days, spring water is often cooler than the daytime temperature and warmer than the nighttime temperature. In summer it can be colder than most temperatures for months. In winter it can be warmer than most of the temperatures for months.Kansas Mesonet · Soil TemperatureThe 2-inch Soil Temperature map displays the current soil temperature (degrees F) at 2 inches (5 cm) under the existing vegetative cover at each Mesonet site. This map is updated every 15 minutes. Theme. 30-Day Temperature and Precipitation Departures. 4-Inch Soil Temperature. Soil Moisture and Seasonal Departure. US Drought Monitor: Iowa. US Drought Monitor: North ... Get real-time and historical soil temperature data for Kansas from the Kansas Mesonet, a trusted network of weather stations and sensors across the state. The ISU Soil Moisture Network is managed by Iowa State University (ISU). The network began in the 1980s as the ISU Ag Climate Network and was transitioned to its current configuration of stations and equipment in 2013 and 2014. ... What the temperature feels like to the human body when relative humidity is combined with the air temperature ...The 4-inch soil temperature (Figure 1) is below normal across Iowa and much lower than 2021 (up to 20 o F lower). Of interest, the 2022 topsoil soil temperatures are approaching record low levels for the first week of May. As a result, the rate of soil N mineralization is below normal in 2022 (Figure 2).Iowa Environmental Mesonet of Iowa State UniversityPork chops should be baked until they reach an internal temperature of 145 degrees Fahrenheit. Ground pork patties, by contrast, should be cooked until an internal temperature of 1...4 inch Soil Temperature Probabilities. This application computes soil temperature exceedance based on the observation record of a ISU Ag Climate site. The average daily 4 inch soil temperature is used in this calculation. Spring: The values represent the percentage of years that a temperature below the given threshold was …Changes in the Earth's temperature and the impact that it has is explained in this article from HowStuffWorks. Learn about changes in the Earth's temperature. Advertisement Global ...RI ENVIRONMENT As R.I.’s temperatures grow hotter, local groups working to cool down ‘heat islands’ “Confronting environmental injustices means both on-the …Thanks for having this up on the ISU Extension website. H Jensen says: May 6, 2020 at 8:40 pm. ... it is unlikely that an annual plant would encounter a hard freeze with covering as the ground temperatures are warmer and will …IEM :: ISU Soil Moisture County Temperature Estimates. ISU Soil Moisture Network. County 4 inch Soil Temperature Maps. This page presents daily soil temperature analysis maps. The left hand column plots combine ISU Soil Moisture Network observations and bias corrected NWS NAM forecast model analyses to produce a higher resolution plot. IEM :: ISU Soil Moisture County Temperature Estimates. ISU Soil Moisture Network. County 4 inch Soil Temperature Maps. This page presents daily soil temperature analysis maps. The left hand column plots combine ISU Soil Moisture Network observations and bias corrected NWS NAM forecast model analyses to produce a higher resolution plot. Changes in the Earth's temperature and the impact that it has is explained in this article from HowStuffWorks. Learn about changes in the Earth's temperature. Advertisement Global ...Get detailed soil temperature and soil moisture estimates at the surface and at depths of 6cm, 18cm and 54cm. Global Coverage. Search by city, street, zip code or nearby …Publications. Iowa Soil Temperature Estimates. Resource link: https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/agclimate/soilt.php. Daily average 4-inch depth soil …Roofing in harsh weather conditions requires additional tools, experience, and expertise to perform the job safely and the right way. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos La...Get detailed soil temperature and soil moisture estimates at the surface and at depths of 6cm, 18cm and 54cm. Global Coverage. Search by city, street, zip code or nearby … Data Source. Our soil temperature and moisture data come from Open-Meteo, a global weather API that provides weather data for any location in the world.. Open-Meteo uses data from thousands of weather stations around the world and combines global (11 km) and mesoscale (1 km) weather models from national weather services into one seamless prediction. Apr 26, 2024 · Days to accumulate three inches Posted: 26 Apr 2024 05:30 AM, Views: 2669 The weekly update to the US Drought Monitor was released yesterday and while improvements were made thanks to recent rains, there are still two regions of D3 "Extreme Drought" remaining in the state. Generating less heat will not only keep your home cooler—it'll also keep your energy bills down all summer long. Here are a few tricks for doing just that. Generating less heat wil...Apr 6, 2021 · Although soil temperature at planting is important, agronomists advise that the soil temperature should remain at 50 F or trend upward after planting, to prevent cold injury to the seed. A cold rain after planting, with freezing temperatures, can be especially damaging. Mark Licht, assistant professor in agronomy and cropping systems specialist ... —Plant when soil temperature reaches 60°F or any time thereafter. Last practical date for planting an early variety is July 1. Lima beans —Plant from May 20 to June 30 to produce a crop by average frost date. Tomatoes —Plant seedlings in mid-May. Last practical date . for planting tomatoes is June 20. Peppers and eggplantsOnce germinated, nearly all seedlings will grow best with daytime temperatures between 65 and 70°F and nighttime temperatures a few degrees cooler. Light Requirements. for Germination. Light conditions during germination are critical for many annual flowers and vegetables. The seeds of some plant species require light for germination, and ...Jupiter: Minus 166°F (-110°C) Saturn: Minus 220°F (-140°C) Uranus: Minus 320°F (-195°C) Neptune: Minus 330°F (-200°C) Dwarf Planet Pluto: Minus 375°F (-225°C) This graphic shows the mean temperatures of various destinations in our solar system. (Planets not to scale.)Beef is considered to be cooked medium rare when the internal temperature has reached between 135 and 145 degrees Fahrenheit. Ground beef hamburgers should be cooked to an internal...The ISU Soil Moisture Network is managed by Iowa State University (ISU). The network began in the 1980s as the ISU Ag Climate Network and was transitioned to its current configuration of stations and equipment in 2013 and 2014. ... Average Relative Humidity, Average Dew Point, Average Soil Temperature at 10 cm (4 in), Total Solar Radiation ...Sunny days spent splashing around and having fun. That’s a huge part of the allure of a swimming pool. However, not all backyards are made for in-ground pools, which require costly... The Soil Moisture Network uses a non-heated tipping bucket rain gauge and is unable to measure snowfall. If you are interested in higher quality precipitation data, check out the NWS COOP network of human observations. Additional Tools/Apps: 4 inch Soil Temperature Probabilities; Daily Data Plotter; Information: Although soil temperature at planting is important, agronomists advise that the soil temperature should remain at 50 F or trend upward after planting, to prevent cold injury to the seed. A cold rain after planting, with freezing temperatures, can be especially damaging. Mark Licht, assistant professor in agronomy and cropping systems specialist ...The closer the temperature is to the optimum, the quicker germination will occur. Most seeds germinate when the soil temperature is between 68° and 86°F. Once germination occurs, the optimum growing temperature for the seedling is about 10°F cooler than the optimum germination temperature. Watering and HumidityStorage Temperature Operating Temperature Housing Material Weight Size +21 to 30 volts dc (24V nom) 2.0 A GHI Turn On Voltage = 4.2v / Input ... - TIE THE BARE DRAIN WIRE OF THE ISU TO A CHASSIS GROUND OR EARTH GROUND; IF ONE IS NOT AVAILABLE, TIE TO -24V * OPTIONAL: TIE GRAY TO -24V (BLUE) FOR TIMING …When you build a PC, your processor usually comes with a small cooler—but people often recommend upgrading to a large aftermarket cooler for cooler, quieter operation. But how much...Growing Season Maps. This application will plot an accumulated variable for a time period of your selection. Data is based on the automated sensors from the ISU AG Climate network. A similiar application exists based on the COOP network data, which is of higher quality for temperature and precipitation. Plot Parameter.Although soil temperature at planting is important, agronomists advise that the soil temperature should remain at 50 F or trend upward after planting, to prevent cold injury to the seed. ... Mark Licht, assistant professor in agronomy and cropping systems specialist for ISU Extension and Outreach, said producers might be better tending to …Air (blue) and 4” soil (brown) temperature at two ISU Soil Moisture Network locations from 7:00 a.m. on February 15 to 7:00 a.m. on February 16. Source: Iowa Environmental Mesonet. The weather and soil conditions going into this winter add in another layer of complexity in determining how hard the cold is on insects. Insect pests …

Safe Minimum Internal Temperature; Beef ‐ Ground: 160 degrees F (71 degrees C) Beef ‐ Steak: 145 degrees F (63 degrees C) Beef ‐ All other cuts: 145 degrees F (63 degrees C) Chicken ‐ Ground: 165 degrees F (74 degrees C) Chicken ‐ Whole: 165 degrees F (74 degrees C). Spark energy drink

isu ground temperature

ISU Soil Moisture Airports Climate Stations ... Click symbol on map to view available plots: 4 inch Soil Temperatures Today's Precipitation Precipitation DepartureSimply put, proper grounding and bonding protects your employees from electric shock and your plant and equipment from heat and fire. We will aim at reducing these risks and help answer any power quality issues you may be experiencing. This course is approved in Idaho, Utah, Montana and Wyoming. Idaho ID# 20-845983 • Utah Approval • Montana ...For germination in small grains, the recommended 3-day average soil temperature is 34-36 °F for spring wheat and 40 °F for oats. For corn, germination occurs at 50 °F but planting often occurs earlier when soil temperatures are lower. A corn field planted when the 3-day average soil temperatures are greater than 50 °F will typically emerge ...Apr 26, 2024 · Posted: 26 Apr 2024 05:30 AM, Views: 304. The weekly update to the US Drought Monitor was released yesterday and while improvements were made thanks to recent rains, there are still two regions of D3 "Extreme Drought" remaining in the state. One such region includes Vinton, which is the subject of today's featured chart showing the accumulated ... USDA Temperature Guidelines. According to the USDA, the minimum safe temperature for ground meat is 160 F/71 C, or well done. For ground turkey or chicken, the minimum safe temperature is a little higher, at 165 F/74 C. It typically takes from 10 to 15 minutes to reach either temperature, depending on the thickness or size of the …The 4-inch Soil Temperature map displays the current soil temperature (degrees F) at 4 inches (10 cm) under the existing vegetative cover at each Mesonet site. This map is updated every 15 minutes.Soil Drainage Class. The frequency and duration of wet periods under conditions similar to those under which the soil formed. View and download print-ready Iowa state soil property maps by depth derived from the National Cooperative Soil Survey's gSSURGO database.If the air parcel's temperature is greater than the temperature of the surrounding air mass, the air parcel is less dense and tends to rise. Rising air, as we have already learned, is known as unstable. For stable air, the environmental lapse rate is 4°C per 1000m (2°F per 1000ft). When the environmental lapse rate is less than the moist ...A ground source heat pump extracts heat located underneath the ground. Once extracted it then amplifies that heat, increasing it’s temperature from 42 °F – 57 °F to 68 °F – 78°F. …April 13, 2022 By Mark Dorenkamp Filed Under: Crops, Iowa, News. Iowa is one of several states in the Upper Midwest where soils remain too cool to begin planting. Iowa State University Extension field agronomist Meaghan Anderson says soil temps across most of the state were hovering in the low 40’s before the latest warmup.The rule of thumb is to wait until the upper 4 inches reach at least 50 degrees, with a warming temperature trend in the forecast. One way to track soil temperatures across Iowa is by using the soil temperatures map compiled by the Iowa Environmental Mesonet at Iowa State University. Updated daily in the spring, this map provides current ...The Réaumur scale ( French pronunciation: [ʁeomy (ː)ʁ]; °Ré, °Re, °r ), also known as the "octogesimal division", [1] is a temperature scale for which the melting and boiling points of water are defined as 0 and 80 degrees respectively. The scale is named for René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, who first proposed a similar scale in 1730. 55°. 42. %. 51°. 40. %. Latest agriculture information, as well as soil temperature and moisture observations from the Iowa State University soil moisture network. The chart shows daily soil temperature ranges along with an hourly average value from the Ames ISU Soil Moisture Network station. The 50 degree threshold is generally needed to support corn development and is highlighted on the chart. The last five days have seen values well below that threshold. This situation pretty much happens …The Integrated Crop Management website is a convenient, central location for producers to access a variety of crop production information, including: agronomy, soils and environment, weeds, integrated pest management, water quality, and grain handling and storage. Crop Production. Equipment and Machinery.During the reference decade between 2007 and 2016, ground temperature near the depth of zero annual amplitude in the continuous permafrost zone increased by 0.39 ± 0.15 °C. Over the same period ...The closer the temperature is to the optimum, the quicker germination will occur. Most seeds germinate when the soil temperature is between 68° and 86°F. Once germination occurs, the optimum growing temperature for the seedling is about 10°F cooler than the optimum germination temperature. Watering and HumidityCastana – Western ISU-RDF: ... During sunny days, ground temperatures can be much warmer than the air temperature (10-40F is not unusual), and on a cold, clear winter nights, when the ground radiates heat to space, the ground temperature can be 1-8F cooler than air temperature ..

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